Data report · October 27, 2026

Window Replacement Need Index

Name: Window Replacement Need Index 2026
Creator: The Window Monitor
Published: 2026-10-27
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The estimated share of owner-occupied homes still on mostly original windows from before 2000, for all 387 U.S. metro areas. It's modeled from federal survey and Census data collected 2020 to 2023, and it shows where windows are old, not where they've failed.

Short answer

An estimated 36.6% of U.S. owner-occupied homes, about 30.3 million, still have mostly original windows from before 2000. Metro estimates run from 53.9% in Carson City, NV down to 19.1% in Wildwood-The Villages, FL. Among the 34 biggest metros, Miami, FL is highest at 46.4% and New York, NY lowest at 28.6%.

Modeled from EIA RECS 2020 and Census ACS 2019–2023 (B25036). Margins are 90% confidence. How we built it →

30.3M

owner-occupied homes still on original windows from before 2000

Source: EIA RECS 2020, Census ACS

53%

of those homes were built in the 1980s or 1990s

Source: EIA RECS 2020, Census ACS

31%

of homes built before 1950 still have their original windows

Source: EIA RECS 2020

What the numbers show

An old house doesn't mean old windows. Buffalo, NY and New York, NY have some of the oldest owner-occupied housing in the country. Roughly 75–77% of homes in each were built before 1980, which puts them 4th and 14th of 387 on housing age. Yet they rank 359th and 377th here. Of the 25 metros with the oldest housing, 23 fall in the bottom half. The pattern comes from the survey: nationally, owners of older homes mostly report replacement windows, and the model carries that into each metro. It doesn't measure any one city's replacement history.

Older housing doesn't mean more original windows

Each dot is a metro area: how much of its owner-occupied housing was built before 1980, against the estimated share still on original pre-2000 windows.

Chart: The Window Monitor · Data: EIA RECS 2020, Census ACS 2019–2023 · CC BY 4.0

Use this chart:Download imageFree to reuse with credit (CC BY 4.0).

The real backlog is younger. Homes built in the 1980s and 1990s hold 53% of the original pre-2000 windows still in service: 63% of 1980s homes and 82% of 1990s homes haven't replaced them. Those windows are now 25 to 45 years old, and by the survey's count 46% of them have aluminum frames.

The newer the house, the more likely its windows are original

Share of owner-occupied homes still on mostly original windows, by decade built. United States.

Before 195031%

1950–195932%

1960–196936%

1970–197944%

1980–198963%

1990–199982%

Homes built in the 1980s and 1990s (in coral) hold 53% of all the original pre-2000 windows still in service.

Chart: The Window Monitor · Data: EIA RECS 2020, Census ACS 2019–2023 · CC BY 4.0

Use this chart:Download imageFree to reuse with credit (CC BY 4.0).

Region matters as much as age. In Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Arkansas, 57% of homeowners in homes built before 1950 report original windows. In New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania it's 22%. The survey shows the gap but not the reason for it. Between that gap and plenty of 1970s and 1980s housing, 42 of the top 50 metros are in the South.

The lowest shares belong to places that grew fast after 2000. Wildwood-The Villages, FL is mostly a retirement community built in the last two decades, and the Mountain West metros near the bottom, such as Provo, St. George and Greeley, are full of newer homes.

Where original windows are most common

Estimated share of owner-occupied homes still on mostly original windows from before 2000. Colors show ranges: blue bands sit below the national average, orange and red above, and the gray band contains it. Dot size shows the number of owner-occupied homes.

Under 30%
30–35%
35–40% (includes the 36.6% average)
40–45%
45% or more

Chart: The Window Monitor · Data: EIA RECS 2020, Census ACS 2019–2023, U.S. Census Bureau boundaries · CC BY 4.0

Use this chart:Download imageFree to reuse with credit (CC BY 4.0).

All 387 metro areas

Estimated share of owner-occupied homes with mostly original windows from before 2000, with a 90% margin of error. Climate columns are context and don't affect the rank. Metro names link to our local guide where we have one.

Find a metroState


1	Carson City, NV	53.9% ±6.4	8,100	1.2	40	Low
2	New Orleans-Metairie, LA	53.4% ±4.7	128,000	0.0	106	Moderate
3	Urban Honolulu, HI	51.9% ±5.2	104,000	0.0	32	High
4	Kahului-Wailuku, HI	51.7% ±4.3	19,000	0.0	39	Low
5	Wichita Falls, TX	50.5% ±3.0	18,000	0.0	105	Moderate
6	San Angelo, TX	48.5% ±2.9	15,000	0.0	119	Low
7	Sebring, FL	48.4% ±4.0	18,000	0.0	118	High
8	Jackson, MS	48.3% ±4.6	77,000	0.0	85	High
9	Texarkana, TX-AR	48.3% ±2.8	18,000	0.0	82	Moderate
10	Monroe, LA	48.1% ±4.0	26,000	0.0	97	High
11	Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA	47.4% ±3.9	29,000	0.0	76	High
12	Abilene, TX	47.0% ±2.9	20,000	0.0	102	Moderate
13	Albany, GA	47.0% ±4.4	15,000	0.0	88	High
14	Dalton, GA	46.5% ±4.0	17,000	0.0	38	High
15	Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL	46.4% ±4.1	648,000	0.0	75	High
16	Shreveport-Bossier City, LA	46.3% ±3.8	45,000	0.0	96	Moderate
17	Victoria, TX	46.2% ±2.7	12,000	0.0	116	High
18	Alexandria, LA	45.9% ±3.9	17,000	0.0	93	Moderate
19	Gulfport-Biloxi, MS	45.6% ±4.4	51,000	0.0	52	High
20	Fort Smith, AR-OK	45.6% ±4.3	27,000	0.0	78	Moderate
21	Hattiesburg, MS	45.6% ±4.4	17,000	0.0	85	High
22	Anniston-Oxford, AL	45.5% ±5.3	14,000	0.0	60	High
23	Hot Springs, AR	45.5% ±4.8	14,000	0.0	49	Moderate
24	Homosassa Springs, FL	45.2% ±3.5	27,000	0.0	112	High
25	Corpus Christi, TX	45.0% ±2.5	47,000	0.0	139	Moderate
26	Waco, TX	45.0% ±2.5	31,000	0.0	108	Moderate
27	Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL	45.0% ±5.1	20,000	0.0	58	High
28	Mobile, AL	44.9% ±5.0	47,000	0.0	78	High
29	Decatur, AL	44.9% ±4.7	21,000	0.0	41	High
30	Gadsden, AL	44.9% ±5.2	13,000	0.0	66	Moderate
31	Tallahassee, FL	44.8% ±3.4	40,000	0.0	103	High
32	Longview, TX	44.8% ±2.5	33,000	0.0	98	Moderate
33	Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX	44.6% ±2.5	44,000	0.0	95	High
34	Macon-Bibb County, GA	44.6% ±4.1	24,000	0.0	85	High
35	Rome, GA	44.6% ±4.9	10,000	0.0	49	Moderate
36	Hinesville, GA	44.6% ±3.7	6,900	0.0	94	High
37	Amarillo, TX	44.4% ±2.6	29,000	0.0	82	Low
38	Flagstaff, AZ	44.3% ±4.0	14,000	10.1	13	Low
39	Enid, OK	44.2% ±6.2	6,800	0.3	80	Moderate
40	Odessa, TX	44.0% ±2.8	18,000	0.0	106	Low
41	Lubbock, TX	43.6% ±2.4	34,000	0.0	91	Low
42	Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ	43.3% ±4.2	15,000	0.0	101	Low
43	Fairbanks-College, AK	43.3% ±4.6	9,700	105.9	0	Low
44	Florence, SC	42.8% ±4.3	22,000	0.0	70	High
45	Jonesboro, AR	42.8% ±4.4	13,000	0.0	66	Moderate
46	Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI	42.7% ±3.9	442,000	22.9	18	Moderate
47	Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA	42.7% ±3.1	51,000	0.0	26	Low
48	Sumter, SC	42.7% ±4.3	12,000	0.0	58	High
49	Memphis, TN-MS-AR	42.6% ±3.4	134,000	0.0	69	Moderate
50	Columbus, GA-AL	42.5% ±3.5	31,000	0.0	80	High
51	Vallejo, CA	42.3% ±2.9	42,000	0.0	60	Low
52	Sherman-Denison, TX	42.3% ±2.6	15,000	0.0	73	Moderate
53	Lake Charles, LA	42.2% ±3.6	28,000	0.0	89	High
54	Brunswick-St. Simons, GA	42.2% ±3.7	14,000	0.0	73	High
55	Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL	42.1% ±3.4	82,000	0.0	76	High
56	Montgomery, AL	42.1% ±4.3	41,000	0.0	93	Moderate
57	Punta Gorda, FL	42.1% ±3.3	31,000	0.0	136	High
58	Baton Rouge, LA	42.0% ±3.2	95,000	0.0	88	High
59	Goldsboro, NC	42.0% ±3.6	12,000	0.0	37	High
60	Redding, CA	41.9% ±2.9	20,000	0.0	106	Low
61	Dothan, AL	41.9% ±4.4	17,000	0.0	89	High
62	Morristown, TN	41.9% ±4.4	14,000	0.2	17	High
63	Tucson, AZ	41.8% ±3.7	117,000	0.0	155	Low
64	Tyler, TX	41.8% ±2.4	24,000	0.0	96	Moderate
65	Athens-Clarke County, GA	41.8% ±3.7	20,000	0.0	62	High
66	Anchorage, AK	41.7% ±4.1	41,000	23.3	0	Low
67	Jackson, TN	41.7% ±4.2	20,000	0.0	66	Moderate
68	Rocky Mount, NC	41.7% ±3.5	15,000	0.0	54	High
69	Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR	41.5% ±4.2	81,000	0.0	70	Moderate
70	Slidell-Mandeville-Covington, LA	41.4% ±3.1	34,000	0.0	80	High
71	St. Cloud, MN	41.4% ±3.8	22,000	29.7	9	Moderate
72	Birmingham, AL	41.3% ±4.3	134,000	0.0	65	Moderate
73	Duluth, MN-WI	41.3% ±4.1	36,000	39.7	1	Moderate
74	Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL	41.2% ±3.3	88,000	0.0	65	High
75	Lafayette, LA	41.2% ±3.3	46,000	0.0	81	High
76	Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC	41.2% ±3.5	45,000	0.0	33	High
77	Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA	41.2% ±3.7	40,000	0.4	23	High
78	Panama City-Panama City Beach, FL	41.0% ±3.3	24,000	0.0	67	High
79	Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA	40.9% ±3.2	73,000	0.0	9	Low
80	Gainesville, FL	40.9% ±3.3	33,000	0.0	101	High
81	Johnson City, TN	40.9% ±4.3	24,000	0.5	18	High
82	Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL	40.8% ±3.6	360,000	0.0	94	High
83	Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA	40.7% ±3.1	610,000	0.0	53	High
84	Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC	40.6% ±2.8	63,000	0.0	80	High
85	Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ	40.6% ±3.4	29,000	0.0	150	Low
86	Cleveland, TN	40.6% ±4.3	14,000	0.2	36	High
87	El Paso, TX	40.5% ±2.1	77,000	0.0	117	Low
88	Barnstable Town, MA	40.4% ±3.4	34,000	0.8	2	Low
89	Brownsville-Harlingen, TX	40.3% ±2.2	36,000	0.0	135	Moderate
90	Valdosta, GA	40.3% ±3.5	13,000	0.0	82	High
91	Farmington, NM	40.3% ±5.6	12,000	0.9	69	Low
92	Reno, NV	40.2% ±4.6	55,000	0.4	65	Low
93	Beckley, WV	40.1% ±5.1	14,000	1.5	1	High
94	Ocala, FL	39.9% ±2.9	49,000	0.0	110	High
95	Modesto, CA	39.9% ±2.7	43,000	0.0	90	Low
96	Grand Forks, ND-MN	39.9% ±3.3	10,000	46.8	7	Moderate
97	Port St. Lucie, FL	39.8% ±3.1	62,000	0.0	37	High
98	San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA	39.7% ±3.0	251,000	0.0	20	Low
99	Prescott Valley-Prescott, AZ	39.7% ±3.4	32,000	0.0	50	Low
100	Tuscaloosa, AL	39.7% ±4.0	26,000	0.0	93	High
101	Salinas, CA	39.6% ±3.0	27,000	0.0	6	Low
102	Rochester, MN	39.6% ±3.7	27,000	25.5	5	Moderate
103	Burlington-South Burlington, VT	39.6% ±4.2	25,000	24.2	8	Moderate
104	Grand Island, NE	39.6% ±6.1	7,900	9.1	36	Moderate
105	Chattanooga, TN-GA	39.5% ±3.2	61,000	0.0	58	High
106	Knoxville, TN	39.4% ±4.0	103,000	0.2	36	High
107	Greensboro-High Point, NC	39.4% ±3.2	78,000	0.0	42	Moderate
108	San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA	39.4% ±2.8	27,000	0.0	15	Low
109	Naples-Marco Island, FL	39.3% ±2.6	48,000	0.0	121	High
110	Bremerton-Silverdale-Port Orchard, WA	39.3% ±3.9	30,000	0.0	4	Moderate
111	Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL	39.2% ±3.2	55,000	0.0	80	High
112	Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA	39.2% ±3.4	23,000	0.0	6	Low
113	Paducah, KY-IL	39.2% ±3.2	12,000	0.7	42	Moderate
114	Lawton, OK	39.2% ±5.2	10,000	0.0	83	Low
115	Santa Fe, NM	39.1% ±5.5	19,000	1.9	24	Low
116	Bloomington, IN	39.1% ±3.1	15,000	3.3	21	Moderate
117	Winston-Salem, NC	38.8% ±3.2	73,000	0.0	33	High
118	Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL	38.7% ±2.9	241,000	0.0	111	High
119	Greenville-Anderson-Greer, SC	38.7% ±3.7	103,000	0.0	24	Moderate
120	Manchester-Nashua, NH	38.7% ±5.4	44,000	3.9	16	Moderate
121	Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH	38.7% ±2.9	42,000	0.8	32	High
122	Fayetteville, NC	38.7% ±3.0	32,000	0.0	71	High
123	Charleston, WV	38.7% ±5.1	24,000	1.7	23	High
124	Chico, CA	38.7% ±2.8	19,000	0.0	99	Low
125	Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX	38.6% ±1.9	654,000	0.0	106	Moderate
126	Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA	38.6% ±3.2	30,000	0.0	86	Low
127	Midland, TX	38.6% ±2.6	18,000	0.0	126	Low
128	Parkersburg-Vienna, WV	38.6% ±5.2	11,000	1.4	29	Moderate
129	Mankato, MN	38.6% ±4.0	10,000	28.3	10	Moderate
130	Napa, CA	38.5% ±3.1	12,000	0.0	32	Low
131	Gettysburg, PA	38.4% ±2.6	12,000	1.0	21	Moderate
132	Asheville, NC	38.2% ±3.0	42,000	0.4	8	Moderate
133	Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL	38.2% ±3.0	31,000	0.0	52	High
134	Elkhart-Goshen, IN	38.1% ±3.1	19,000	6.2	12	Moderate
135	Midland, MI	38.1% ±4.4	10,000	5.1	10	Moderate
136	Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ	38.0% ±3.2	468,000	0.0	173	Low
137	Warner Robins, GA	38.0% ±3.3	19,000	0.0	76	High
138	Topeka, KS	37.8% ±5.7	25,000	3.1	44	Moderate
139	Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA	37.7% ±2.4	206,000	0.0	76	Low
140	Tulsa, OK	37.7% ±4.8	99,000	0.2	81	Moderate
141	Michigan City-La Porte, IN	37.7% ±3.4	12,000	5.7	10	Moderate
142	San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA	37.6% ±3.2	141,000	0.0	21	Low
143	Lexington Park, MD	37.6% ±3.6	22,000	0.0	31	Moderate
144	Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA	37.5% ±3.3	814,000	0.0	26	Low
145	Wichita, KS	37.5% ±5.5	61,000	0.9	57	Moderate
146	Terre Haute, IN	37.5% ±3.4	17,000	4.0	24	Moderate
147	Hammond, LA	37.5% ±3.3	13,000	0.0	86	Moderate
148	Muncie, IN	37.5% ±3.6	12,000	5.5	17	Moderate
149	Columbus, IN	37.5% ±3.2	8,600	2.8	22	Moderate
150	Hanford-Corcoran, CA	37.4% ±2.7	9,000	0.0	108	Low
151	Lancaster, PA	37.3% ±2.6	55,000	0.8	20	Moderate
152	Sebastian-Vero Beach-West Vero Corridor, FL	37.3% ±3.1	20,000	0.0	56	High
153	Las Vegas-Henderson-North Las Vegas, NV	37.2% ±3.5	180,000	0.0	137	Low
154	North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota, FL	37.2% ±3.2	105,000	0.0	85	High
155	Waterbury-Shelton, CT	37.2% ±4.3	45,000	2.3	10	Moderate
156	Auburn-Opelika, AL	37.2% ±3.5	18,000	0.0	49	High
157	El Centro, CA	37.2% ±2.7	10,000	0.0	179	Low
158	Grants Pass, OR	37.2% ±4.0	9,700	0.0	55	Moderate
159	Columbia, SC	37.1% ±3.5	86,000	0.0	108	High
160	Spartanburg, SC	37.1% ±3.7	38,000	0.0	57	Moderate
161	Boulder, CO	37.1% ±4.1	31,000	3.9	33	Moderate
162	Elizabethtown, KY	37.1% ±3.3	12,000	0.9	21	Moderate
163	San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA	37.0% ±3.2	356,000	0.0	5	Low
164	Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL	36.9% ±3.0	71,000	0.0	121	High
165	New Haven, CT	36.9% ±4.5	51,000	0.7	6	Moderate
166	Medford, OR	36.9% ±3.7	22,000	0.0	61	Low
167	Salisbury, MD	36.9% ±3.9	11,000	0.0	31	Moderate
168	Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA	36.8% ±2.4	345,000	0.0	121	Low
169	San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX	36.8% ±1.9	222,000	0.0	122	Moderate
170	St. Joseph, MO-KS	36.8% ±5.1	12,000	9.1	33	Moderate
171	Kokomo, IN	36.8% ±3.5	9,300	8.0	12	Moderate
172	Lawrence, KS	36.8% ±5.1	9,100	3.0	42	Moderate
173	Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT	36.7% ±4.4	114,000	2.1	17	Moderate
174	Albuquerque, NM	36.7% ±5.3	94,000	0.0	106	Low
175	Fort Wayne, IN	36.7% ±3.0	46,000	6.2	16	Moderate
176	Salem, OR	36.7% ±3.8	36,000	0.0	18	Moderate
177	Jefferson City, MO	36.7% ±4.6	15,000	1.8	41	Moderate
178	Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD	36.6% ±4.1	271,000	0.0	43	High
179	Greenville, NC	36.6% ±2.9	14,000	0.0	53	High
180	South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI	36.5% ±2.8	33,000	4.9	17	Moderate
181	Merced, CA	36.5% ±2.5	16,000	0.0	106	Low
182	Cape Girardeau, MO-IL	36.5% ±4.4	9,500	0.8	57	Moderate
183	Kansas City, MO-KS	36.4% ±3.9	210,000	1.4	47	Moderate
184	Reading, PA	36.4% ±2.7	42,000	0.5	24	Moderate
185	Owensboro, KY	36.4% ±3.6	11,000	0.8	34	Moderate
186	Eagle Pass, TX	36.4% ±3.3	4,600	0.0	151	Low
187	Fresno, CA	36.3% ±2.3	75,000	0.0	113	Low
188	Eugene-Springfield, OR	36.3% ±4.1	34,000	0.1	18	Moderate
189	Traverse City, MI	36.3% ±3.7	19,000	5.5	6	Moderate
190	Sioux City, IA-NE-SD	36.3% ±3.7	14,000	19.9	27	Moderate
191	Williamsport, PA	36.3% ±3.1	12,000	1.5	25	High
192	Bakersfield-Delano, CA	36.2% ±2.3	61,000	0.0	110	Low
193	Gainesville, GA	36.2% ±2.9	18,000	0.0	35	High
194	Corvallis, OR	36.2% ±4.1	7,800	0.0	18	Moderate
195	Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX	36.1% ±1.8	576,000	0.0	109	Moderate
196	Visalia, CA	36.1% ±2.5	30,000	0.0	95	Low
197	College Station-Bryan, TX	36.1% ±2.2	19,000	0.0	117	Moderate
198	Chambersburg, PA	36.1% ±2.6	17,000	0.7	19	Moderate
199	Morgantown, WV	36.1% ±4.1	13,000	1.4	13	High
200	Albany, OR	36.1% ±4.0	12,000	0.0	30	Moderate
201	Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA	36.0% ±3.1	224,000	0.0	11	Moderate
202	Savannah, GA	36.0% ±3.4	35,000	0.0	81	High
203	Lincoln, NE	36.0% ±5.1	30,000	10.1	42	Moderate
204	Norwich-New London-Willimantic, CT	36.0% ±4.2	27,000	1.8	14	Moderate
205	Yuma, AZ	36.0% ±3.2	19,000	0.0	181	Low
206	Laredo, TX	36.0% ±2.2	18,000	0.0	185	Low
207	Huntsville, AL	35.9% ±3.6	51,000	0.0	62	High
208	York-Hanover, PA	35.9% ±2.6	49,000	1.4	28	Moderate
209	St. Louis, MO-IL	35.8% ±3.9	290,000	0.9	47	Moderate
210	Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR	35.8% ±3.5	47,000	0.9	46	Moderate
211	Yakima, WA	35.8% ±4.4	19,000	1.0	30	Low
212	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN	35.7% ±2.9	218,000	1.5	27	Moderate
213	McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX	35.7% ±1.9	64,000	0.0	167	Low
214	Ann Arbor, MI	35.7% ±3.9	33,000	6.9	14	Moderate
215	Olympia-Lacey-Tumwater, WA	35.7% ±3.5	28,000	0.0	6	Moderate
216	State College, PA	35.7% ±2.6	13,000	2.0	6	Moderate
217	Lexington-Fayette, KY	35.6% ±3.1	45,000	0.9	25	High
218	Evansville, IN	35.6% ±3.1	28,000	1.0	41	Moderate
219	Joplin, MO-KS	35.6% ±4.1	19,000	1.1	53	Moderate
220	Lewiston, ID-WA	35.6% ±3.8	6,900	0.3	44	Low
221	Indianapolis-Carmel-Greenwood, IN	35.5% ±2.7	196,000	4.7	19	Moderate
222	Jacksonville, FL	35.5% ±2.8	151,000	0.0	96	High
223	Oklahoma City, OK	35.5% ±4.5	128,000	0.1	73	Moderate
224	Longview-Kelso, WA	35.5% ±4.2	10,000	0.0	10	High
225	Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN	35.4% ±2.7	134,000	0.4	38	High
226	Youngstown-Warren, OH	35.4% ±4.3	46,000	7.4	11	Moderate
227	La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN	35.4% ±3.6	17,000	18.6	3	Moderate
228	Bridgeport-Stamford-Danbury, CT	35.3% ±4.4	82,000	3.1	8	Moderate
229	Green Bay, WI	35.3% ±3.8	33,000	21.4	6	Moderate
230	Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI	35.3% ±4.2	19,000	2.5	3	Moderate
231	Sandusky, OH	35.3% ±4.1	13,000	2.7	9	Moderate
232	Pinehurst-Southern Pines, NC	35.3% ±2.9	12,000	0.0	55	Moderate
233	Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC	35.2% ±3.3	156,000	0.0	42	High
234	Stockton-Lodi, CA	35.2% ±2.2	52,000	0.0	88	Low
235	Lynchburg, VA	35.2% ±3.4	26,000	0.4	20	Moderate
236	Kenosha, WI	35.2% ±4.0	16,000	10.1	11	Moderate
237	Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH	35.2% ±3.5	13,000	2.2	11	Moderate
238	Omaha, NE-IA	35.1% ±4.4	89,000	9.7	15	Moderate
239	Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL	35.1% ±2.6	83,000	0.0	120	High
240	Lansing-East Lansing, MI	35.1% ±4.2	45,000	8.4	9	Moderate
241	Wheeling, WV-OH	35.1% ±3.4	15,000	1.6	18	Moderate
242	Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI	35.0% ±4.3	435,000	5.0	10	Moderate
243	Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN	35.0% ±2.9	18,000	5.6	21	Moderate
244	Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA	35.0% ±3.7	13,000	0.0	0	High
245	Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA	34.9% ±3.9	335,000	0.0	3	Moderate
246	Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA	34.9% ±2.6	58,000	0.7	18	Moderate
247	Durham-Chapel Hill, NC	34.9% ±2.7	53,000	0.0	45	High
248	Racine-Mount Pleasant, WI	34.9% ±4.1	20,000	7.7	7	Moderate
249	Springfield, OH	34.9% ±4.4	13,000	5.3	12	Moderate
250	Pocatello, ID	34.9% ±4.9	8,000	2.8	47	Low
251	Columbus, OH	34.8% ±3.4	183,000	2.3	21	Moderate
252	Akron, OH	34.8% ±3.9	69,000	7.2	7	Moderate
253	Clarksville, TN-KY	34.8% ±2.8	26,000	0.3	43	High
254	Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL	34.8% ±3.2	26,000	0.0	69	High
255	Sheboygan, WI	34.8% ±4.3	12,000	15.5	6	Moderate
256	Oshkosh-Neenah, WI	34.7% ±4.1	16,000	18.6	8	Moderate
257	Yuba City, CA	34.7% ±2.4	13,000	0.0	105	Low
258	Charlottesville, VA	34.6% ±3.0	20,000	0.1	34	High
259	Bellingham, WA	34.6% ±3.7	20,000	0.0	0	Moderate
260	Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA	34.6% ±4.2	16,000	20.3	15	Moderate
261	Janesville-Beloit, WI	34.6% ±4.1	16,000	16.1	13	Moderate
262	Burlington, NC	34.6% ±3.0	16,000	0.1	50	High
263	Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA	34.6% ±3.4	15,000	0.9	11	Moderate
264	Rapid City, SD	34.6% ±4.6	15,000	14.6	23	Moderate
265	Lima, OH	34.6% ±4.3	9,700	4.7	12	Moderate
266	Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV	34.5% ±2.6	515,000	0.1	13	Moderate
267	Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI	34.5% ±4.2	135,000	10.5	17	Moderate
268	Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Kentwood, MI	34.5% ±3.9	112,000	3.1	9	Moderate
269	Springfield, MO	34.5% ±4.2	43,000	1.0	38	Moderate
270	Flint, MI	34.5% ±4.4	41,000	9.2	11	Moderate
271	Canton-Massillon, OH	34.5% ±4.1	40,000	3.4	11	Moderate
272	Staunton-Stuarts Draft, VA	34.5% ±3.6	13,000	0.8	18	Moderate
273	Killeen-Temple, TX	34.4% ±1.9	34,000	0.0	105	Moderate
274	Eau Claire, WI	34.4% ±3.9	16,000	27.5	10	Moderate
275	Amherst Town-Northampton, MA	34.4% ±3.0	15,000	9.6	12	Moderate
276	Ames, IA	34.4% ±3.9	10,000	16.6	17	Moderate
277	Jackson, MI	34.2% ±4.3	16,000	6.7	8	Moderate
278	Wenatchee-East Wenatchee, WA	34.2% ±3.9	10,000	0.4	36	Low
279	Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN	34.1% ±3.3	180,000	0.0	68	High
280	Providence-Warwick, RI-MA	34.1% ±3.7	143,000	0.8	12	Moderate
281	Salt Lake City-Murray, UT	34.1% ±5.6	102,000	0.0	45	Low
282	Erie, PA	34.1% ±3.0	26,000	2.2	5	Moderate
283	Bowling Green, KY	34.1% ±3.0	15,000	0.5	47	High
284	Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA	34.0% ±4.1	52,000	0.7	29	Low
285	Columbia, MO	34.0% ±4.1	17,000	1.7	41	Moderate
286	Fargo, ND-MN	33.9% ±2.7	20,000	42.7	7	Moderate
287	Mansfield, OH	33.9% ±4.3	12,000	7.2	8	Moderate
288	Fond du Lac, WI	33.9% ±4.1	10,000	17.0	7	Moderate
289	Cleveland, OH	33.8% ±4.0	207,000	1.2	9	Moderate
290	Dayton-Kettering-Beavercreek, OH	33.8% ±4.1	75,000	2.8	39	Moderate
291	Appleton, WI	33.8% ±3.7	24,000	18.1	7	Moderate
292	Wausau, WI	33.8% ±3.9	14,000	24.7	5	Moderate
293	Minot, ND	33.8% ±4.1	6,800	38.5	13	Low
294	Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC	33.7% ±2.2	233,000	0.0	49	High
295	Rochester, NY	33.7% ±2.5	100,000	3.9	8	Moderate
296	Worcester, MA	33.7% ±2.8	74,000	3.8	3	Moderate
297	Madison, WI	33.7% ±3.6	61,000	15.1	7	Moderate
298	Toledo, OH	33.7% ±4.0	54,000	5.5	19	Moderate
299	Saginaw, MI	33.7% ±4.5	19,000	8.1	13	Moderate
300	Las Cruces, NM	33.7% ±4.7	18,000	0.1	109	Low
301	Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY	33.6% ±2.4	58,000	7.1	10	Moderate
302	Roanoke, VA	33.6% ±3.6	30,000	0.2	30	High
303	Monroe, MI	33.6% ±4.0	17,000	5.3	14	Moderate
304	Niles, MI	33.6% ±4.4	16,000	2.7	17	Moderate
305	Glens Falls, NY	33.6% ±2.4	13,000	18.1	6	Moderate
306	Harrisonburg, VA	33.6% ±3.3	10,000	1.1	21	High
307	Ithaca, NY	33.6% ±2.6	7,800	10.1	5	Moderate
308	Richmond, VA	33.5% ±3.1	118,000	0.2	45	High
309	Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA	33.5% ±3.0	52,000	2.6	12	Moderate
310	Lebanon, PA	33.5% ±2.7	13,000	1.2	13	Moderate
311	Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ	33.4% ±2.4	78,000	1.2	18	Moderate
312	Cedar Rapids, IA	33.4% ±3.6	28,000	12.5	18	Moderate
313	Bay City, MI	33.4% ±4.5	11,000	5.6	11	Moderate
314	Sioux Falls, SD-MN	33.3% ±4.0	26,000	23.2	19	Moderate
315	Altoona, PA	33.3% ±3.1	12,000	2.6	6	Moderate
316	Dubuque, IA	33.3% ±3.7	9,900	16.5	18	Moderate
317	Syracuse, NY	33.1% ±2.5	61,000	7.7	10	Moderate
318	Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV	33.1% ±2.7	27,000	0.3	29	Moderate
319	Bismarck, ND	33.1% ±3.8	13,000	40.5	9	Low
320	Battle Creek, MI	33.1% ±4.5	13,000	5.4	10	Moderate
321	Charleston-North Charleston, SC	33.0% ±3.1	74,000	0.0	64	High
322	Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Port Royal, SC	33.0% ±2.7	23,000	0.0	58	High
323	Bend, OR	32.9% ±2.7	24,000	2.2	17	Low
324	Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD	32.7% ±2.3	536,000	0.0	40	Moderate
325	Springfield, MA	32.7% ±3.1	37,000	6.6	18	Moderate
326	Kingston, NY	32.7% ±2.5	17,000	4.7	13	Moderate
327	Bloomington, IL	32.7% ±3.7	15,000	8.4	26	Moderate
328	Kalamazoo-Portage, MI	32.6% ±4.0	22,000	5.0	13	Moderate
329	Cheyenne, WY	32.6% ±4.8	9,800	7.8	15	Moderate
330	Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY	32.5% ±2.4	79,000	6.8	10	Moderate
331	Raleigh-Cary, NC	32.4% ±2.1	120,000	0.0	38	High
332	Rockford, IL	32.4% ±3.9	30,000	11.5	15	Moderate
333	Pittsburgh, PA	32.3% ±2.9	241,000	1.1	14	Moderate
334	Binghamton, NY	32.3% ±2.6	22,000	9.9	10	Moderate
335	Johnstown, PA	32.3% ±3.2	14,000	7.1	2	Moderate
336	Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH	32.2% ±2.9	383,000	3.3	12	Moderate
337	Springfield, IL	32.2% ±3.9	20,000	5.2	23	Moderate
338	Ogden, UT	32.1% ±5.2	52,000	1.8	41	Low
339	Missoula, MT	32.1% ±5.2	10,000	6.7	27	Low
340	Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO	32.0% ±3.9	247,000	4.1	64	Low
341	Grand Junction, CO	32.0% ±3.7	15,000	1.2	75	Low
342	Colorado Springs, CO	31.9% ±3.6	63,000	5.5	4	Moderate
343	Fort Collins-Loveland, CO	31.9% ±3.3	31,000	9.6	38	Moderate
344	Winchester, VA-WV	31.9% ±2.5	12,000	0.5	23	Moderate
345	Manhattan, KS	31.9% ±5.0	8,200	4.2	59	Moderate
346	Walla Walla, WA	31.9% ±4.5	4,900	1.7	44	Low
347	Pittsfield, MA	31.8% ±3.3	13,000	9.0	3	Moderate
348	Great Falls, MT	31.8% ±6.2	7,800	17.5	25	Low
349	Iowa City, IA	31.7% ±3.2	14,000	11.2	19	Moderate
350	Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX	31.6% ±1.6	177,000	0.0	123	Moderate
351	Billings, MT	31.6% ±5.3	17,000	12.7	41	Moderate
352	Utica-Rome, NY	31.5% ±2.6	26,000	10.9	5	Moderate
353	Helena, MT	31.4% ±5.1	8,700	26.6	11	Low
354	Casper, WY	31.4% ±5.2	7,700	12.6	36	Low
355	Wilmington, NC	31.3% ±2.2	43,000	0.0	53	High
356	Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC	31.2% ±2.5	36,000	0.0	22	Moderate
357	Coeur d'Alene, ID	31.2% ±3.7	16,000	0.7	18	Low
358	Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN	31.0% ±3.5	733,000	4.3	20	Moderate
359	Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY	31.0% ±2.6	103,000	3.5	3	Moderate
360	Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL	31.0% ±2.8	35,000	9.8	22	Moderate
361	Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA	30.9% ±3.2	62,000	10.4	22	Moderate
362	Watertown-Fort Drum, NY	30.0% ±2.4	7,600	20.1	4	Moderate
363	Trenton-Princeton, NJ	29.7% ±3.4	26,000	0.4	24	Moderate
364	Bangor, ME	29.7% ±4.5	14,000	16.6	9	Moderate
365	Logan, UT-ID	29.7% ±4.3	9,200	12.7	45	Low
366	Pueblo, CO	29.6% ±4.3	14,000	4.4	71	Moderate
367	Decatur, IL	29.6% ±4.2	9,000	4.0	26	Moderate
368	Champaign-Urbana, IL	29.4% ±3.7	16,000	5.4	23	Moderate
369	Elmira, NY	29.4% ±2.6	7,200	7.5	12	Moderate
370	Portland-South Portland, ME	29.3% ±4.4	51,000	6.7	5	Moderate
371	Twin Falls, ID	29.3% ±4.2	8,700	1.3	46	Low
372	Kankakee, IL	29.2% ±3.8	8,200	8.3	21	Moderate
373	Kennewick-Richland, WA	29.1% ±3.1	21,000	0.4	39	Low
374	Boise City, ID	29.0% ±3.3	62,000	1.1	59	Low
375	Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ	29.0% ±3.0	32,000	0.0	19	Moderate
376	Idaho Falls, ID	28.8% ±4.0	12,000	9.2	28	Low
377	New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ	28.6% ±2.2	1.1 million	0.1	17	Moderate
378	Lewiston-Auburn, ME	28.2% ±4.5	8,800	10.5	11	Moderate
379	Jacksonville, NC	28.1% ±2.6	12,000	0.0	44	High
380	Peoria, IL	27.4% ±3.9	31,000	6.4	23	Moderate
381	Dover, DE	27.3% ±4.0	14,000	0.1	25	Moderate
382	Vineland, NJ	26.8% ±3.2	9,400	0.9	22	Moderate
383	Bozeman, MT	25.6% ±4.0	7,900	14.5	13	Low
384	Provo-Orem-Lehi, UT	25.3% ±3.7	35,000	1.3	56	Low
385	St. George, UT	25.1% ±3.5	12,000	0.0	128	Low
386	Greeley, CO	21.8% ±2.4	20,000	5.5	58	Low
387	Wildwood-The Villages, FL	19.1% ±1.6	11,000	0.0	102	High

Margins run from ±1.6 to ±6.4 points, so metros a few points apart are statistically tied, and a rank is best read as a neighborhood. 94 metros sit clearly above the national 36.6% and 72 clearly below it. What the margins cover.

Climate, shown beside the number

Weather wears windows out at different speeds. A wood sill in a warm, rainy place rots faster than one in Denver, and a frame that sees 173 days over 90°F a year ages differently from one that sees ten. We show three climate measures next to each metro, but they don't change its rank.

The index estimates one specific thing rather than blending factors into a score. Climate stays separate, so you can weigh it yourself.

Days below 0°F is the average number of nights a year the low drops below zero. Fairbanks, AK leads with 106; Fargo, ND averages 43.
Days 90°F+ counts hot afternoons. Laredo, TX averages 185 a year and Phoenix, AZ 173.
Wood decay risk is the Scheffer climate index, the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory's measure of how fast exposed wood rots given warmth and rainy days. Under 35 is low, 35 to 65 moderate, and over 65 high. All 22 Florida metros rate high. It matters most for wood and wood-clad frames.

All three come from NOAA's 1991–2020 climate normals, taken at the nearest weather station to where the metro's homeowners live, within 500 feet of the same elevation.

How we built it

The federal Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS, run by the Energy Information Administration) asked about 18,500 households in 2020 whether their home still has mostly its original windows. We used the answers from 10,127 homeowners in homes built before 2000.

Survey rates. From RECS, the weighted share of homeowners answering yes, by Census division and the decade the home was built (before 1950, then each decade through the 1990s). The full table is below.
Homes by decade. From the Census American Community Survey (2019–2023, table B25036), owner-occupied homes in every county by decade built.
State adjustment. A division's rates don't fit every state in it. RECS samples every state, so we checked each state's own answer against what its division's rates predict for its mix of housing. The gaps were far bigger than sampling noise alone would produce. The biggest were Hawaii (64% vs. 43%) and Mississippi (59% vs. 44%) above their divisions, and Virginia (36% vs. 43%), Kentucky (37% vs. 45%) and Oklahoma (36% vs. 44%) below. So each state's rates are shifted toward its own survey answer, more where its sample is large and less where it's small. This is the standard small-area method (a Fay–Herriot model, the approach behind the Census Bureau's county poverty estimates).
Combine. For each county, multiply the homes built in each decade by that decade's rate for the county's state, then add up across a metro's counties. Divide by all owner-occupied homes. Homes built since 2000 aren't counted as having original pre-2000 windows, but they stay in the total.
Margin of error. Each figure has a 90% margin. If the model's assumptions hold and the surveys could be rerun many times, a range drawn this way would contain the true figure about 9 times in 10. It covers three things: the survey's own sampling error (from its 60 replicate weights, the method EIA specifies, which also captures how the decade rates move together), the uncertainty in each state's adjustment, and the Census sampling error on the home counts. It doesn't cover how much one metro differs from the rest of its state, because no federal survey measures that.

Metro areas are the government's 387 metropolitan statistical areas in the 50 states and D.C. (2023 definitions). Rural areas and small micropolitan areas aren't ranked.

A cross-check. Computed straight from the survey, 38.4% of homeowners report original pre-2000 windows. Our county-by-county method gives 36.6%. The gap is mostly that the Census counts more homes built since 2000; its figures run through 2023, three years past the survey.

Checking the model. Two tests, both reproducible from the downloads. First, an internal consistency check: we compared each state's own survey answer with the range the model allows for that state. 49 of 51 fall inside it. With region-wide rates and no state adjustment, only 35 did, which is why we added it. The same survey answers went into the model, so this shows the model fits its inputs; it isn't an independent test of the margins. Second, sensitivity: how much shrinkage we use barely matters. Applying each state's full shift instead keeps 22 of our top 25 metros in the top 25, and the typical metro moves 7 places. Ignoring state evidence altogether would move the typical metro 29 places. Honolulu shows the range: 38.7% with region-wide rates, 51.9% as published, and 61.6% with Hawaii's full shift. Hawaii's own survey answer is 64%. Every metro's three versions are in the CSV.

This is a prevalence estimate. It says how common original pre-2000 windows are, not how many homeowners will replace them, or when.

Survey rates: homes still on mostly original windows

Division	<1950	1950–1959	1960–1969	1970–1979	1980–1989	1990–1999
East North CentralIL, IN, MI, OH, WI	27%±5	28%±5	30%±8	37%±5	62%±7	79%±5
East South CentralAL, KY, MS, TN	47%±8	35%±10	44%±9	54%±9	69%±7	79%±5
Middle AtlanticNJ, NY, PA	22%±4	24%±5	28%±6	39%±6	59%±6	84%±6
Mountain NorthCO, ID, MT, UT, WY	25%±8	30%±14	34%±10	43%±8	53%±10	76%±6
Mountain SouthAZ, NM, NV	42%±21	34%±15	47%±12	53%±9	68%±9	79%±6
New EnglandCT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT	24%±5	30%±7	35%±7	42%±7	57%±7	77%±6
PacificAK, CA, HI, OR, WA	32%±7	31%±7	33%±7	39%±6	61%±6	92%±3
South AtlanticDC, DE, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV	40%±7	27%±7	32%±6	48%±5	63%±5	86%±3
West North CentralIA, KS, MN, MO, ND, NE, SD	37%±5	47%±9	36%±9	40%±6	62%±9	76%±6
West South CentralAR, LA, OK, TX	57%±10	54%±9	57%±8	52%±6	69%±6	79%±5

Owner-occupied households, EIA RECS 2020. Each cell rests on 19 to 387 surveyed homes, which is why some margins are wide. These are the division rates before each state's adjustment; the state adjustments (CSV) list every state's own survey answer and the shift applied.

What it can't tell you

These are modeled estimates, not local counts. The survey is too small to measure each metro directly, so metros in the same state share its rates and differ only in the age of their housing. A metro that replaced windows faster than the rest of its state won't show it. New Orleans rebuilt and re-windowed a great many homes after Hurricane Katrina, so its real share is probably lower than shown.
"Mostly original" is the homeowner's own answer. Some owners of older homes won't know what was there before them.
Homeowners only. Renters rarely choose their windows, so rented homes are left out.
Original isn't the same as failing. A well-made 1990s window can have years left. This estimates where windows are old, not where they're broken.
It's a 2020–2023 baseline. The survey was taken in 2020 and the home counts run through 2023. Windows replaced since then aren't reflected, so today's shares are likely somewhat lower.

Data and citation

Download the full results for all 387 metros (CSV), which include every metro's home counts by decade, its margin, the climate figures and the weather stations used. The survey rates (CSV) hold the division table above with sample sizes, and the state adjustments (CSV) hold each state's shift. With all three, the estimates can be rebuilt in a spreadsheet.

You're welcome to republish the figures with credit and a link (CC BY 4.0). Suggested citation: The Window Monitor, "Window Replacement Need Index 2026," October 27, 2026, https://www.thewindowmonitor.com/resources/window-replacement-need-index/.

Charts for reuse

Each chart is available as a high-resolution image with the credit built in. Each chart above also has a link to itself and embed code you can paste into an article.

Map of 387 U.S. metro areas showing the estimated share of owner-occupied homes still on original pre-2000 windows. Shares run highest across the South and Hawaii and lowest in fast-growing Mountain West metros; the national figure is 36.6%.

Where original windows are most common

Scatter plot of U.S. metro areas comparing the share of homes built before 1980 with the estimated share still on original windows. The two are only weakly related; Buffalo and New York have some of the oldest housing but low shares of original windows.

Older housing doesn't mean more original windows

Bar chart of the share of U.S. owner-occupied homes still on original windows by decade built, rising from 31% for homes built before 1950 to 82% for homes built in the 1990s.

The newer the house, the more likely its windows are original

Window Replacement Need Index: FAQ

›How many U.S. homes still have their original windows?

An estimated 30.3 million owner-occupied homes, or 36.6% of them, still have mostly original windows that went in before 2000, so those windows are at least 25 years old. The estimate combines the federal RECS 2020 energy survey with Census counts of homes by year built (2019–2023).

›Which metro has the highest share of homes with original windows?

Carson City, NV has the highest estimate, 53.9% (±6.4), but 37 other metros are close enough to be statistically tied with it. Among the 34 metros with at least 500,000 owner-occupied homes, Miami, FL is highest at 46.4% and New York, NY lowest at 28.6%. The lowest of all 387 metros is Wildwood-The Villages, FL at 19.1%.

›Does an old house mean old windows?

Not usually. Nationally only 31% of owner-occupied homes built before 1950 still have mostly original windows, compared with 82% of homes built in the 1990s. Older homes have mostly had their windows replaced at least once. Homes from the 1980s and 1990s account for 53% of the homes still on original pre-2000 windows.

Sources

— U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, public-use microdata (v7), and its guide to computing standard errors
— U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2019–2023, table B25036
— U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 metropolitan area delineations and 2020 county centers of population
— NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020
— Carll, C. (2009), Decay hazard (Scheffer) index values calculated from 1971–2000 climate normal data, USDA Forest Products Laboratory, FPL-GTR-179
— U.S. Geological Survey, Elevation Point Query Service